Geotechnical Measurements for the Investigation and Assessment of Arctic Coastal Erosion—A Review and Outlook

Geotechnical data are increasingly utilized to aid investigations of coastal erosion and the development morphological models; however, measurement techniques still challenged by environmental conditions accessibility in areas, particularly, nearshore conditions. These challenges exacerbated for Arctic environments. This article reviews existing emerging collection methods context geotechnical change. Specifically, use cone penetration testing (CPT), which can provide key mapping soil ice layers as well assessment slope block failures, free-fall penetrometers (FFPs) rapid seabed surface conditions, discussed. Because limitations spatial coverage number available situ point measurements penetrometers, fusion with geophysical remotely sensed is considered. Offshore nearshore, combination acoustic surveying optimize large-scale characterization, while onshore most recent developments satellite-based unmanned-aerial-vehicle-based offer new opportunities enhance collect information on bathymetry topography, amongst others. Emphasis given easily deployable rugged strategies that near-term fill current gaps availability. review suggests testing, using CPT at deeper depths even presence FFPs large-coverage sediments (i.e., upper tens centimeters meters sediment depth), combined remote sensing tools, has potential essential improve prediction erosion, particularly where climate-driven changes may bias historic observations future prediction.